Benzodiazepines—commonly known as 'benzos' or 'downers'—are a type of medication that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant and sedative. While they are medically prescribed for various conditions, benzodiazepines also carry a high potential for misuse and dependence. This makes them a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act, classified as Schedule IV.

Benzodiazepine Use and Misuse

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, panic disorders, sleep disorders, and convulsive disorders. They work by interacting with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor in the brain, calming an over-excited nervous system. Benzos are also used during medical detox to treat alcohol withdrawal, helping to prevent seizures and relax muscle spasms.

In the United States, benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed, with over 92 million prescriptions dispensed in 2019 alone. These medications are typically available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquids (injectable or syrup). However, despite their medical uses, benzodiazepines are generally intended for short-term treatment due to their potential for physiological dependence, which can develop in just a few weeks.

Commonly Prescribed Benzodiazepines

The most frequently prescribed benzodiazepines in 2019 were:

• Xanax (alprazolam): 34.96 million prescriptions
• Klonopin (clonazepam): 22.08 million prescriptions
• Ativan (lorazepam): 18.4 million prescriptions

Benzodiazepines can be classified based on their duration of action, ranging from short to intermediate and long-acting. Short- to intermediate-acting benzos include Versed (midazolam), Halcion (triazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Serax (oxazepam), Ativan (lorazepam), Xanax (alprazolam), and Restoril (temazepam). Long-acting benzos include Valium (diazepam), Dalmane (flurazepam), Librium (chlordiazepoxide), and Tranxene (clorazepate).

Benzodiazepine Misuse and Its Dangers

While benzodiazepines have legitimate medical purposes, they are also frequently misused. According to national surveys, millions of Americans aged 12 and older have misused prescription benzodiazepines. Misuse often occurs for their euphoric effects, to enhance the effects of other substances (such as opioids or alcohol), or to counteract unwanted effects from other drugs (like insomnia from stimulant use).

Benzodiazepines are often diverted from legitimate sources or manufactured illegally, making them readily available on the black market. These illicit benzos may be adulterated with dangerous substances, such as fentanyl, posing an even greater risk.

Side Effects of Benzodiazepine Use

Benzodiazepine use can lead to various side effects, including:

• Drowsiness
• Poor concentration
• Slowed breathing
• Slurred speech
• Confusion
• Light-headedness
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Lowered blood pressure
• Dry mouth
• Memory and coordination problems

The Dangers of Polysubstance Use with Benzodiazepines

Polysubstance use—taking multiple substances simultaneously or within a short period—is particularly dangerous with benzodiazepines. Nearly half of all drug overdose deaths involve multiple substances. Benzos are often mixed with other CNS depressants like alcohol or opioids, significantly increasing the risk of overdose and death.

For instance, mixing benzodiazepines with alcohol can suppress vital body functions like respiration, potentially leading to a fatal overdose. Similarly, concurrent use of benzos and opioids can result in oversedation, impaired cognitive function, and respiratory failure.

Benzodiazepine Overdose

It is possible to overdose on benzodiazepines, especially when combined with other substances. Overdose symptoms may include altered mental status, involuntary movements, slowed or stopped breathing, a weak pulse, and loss of consciousness. An overdose is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention—call 911 if you suspect someone is overdosing.

Benzodiazepine Addiction and Withdrawal

Benzodiazepine addiction is characterized by the compulsive use of the drug despite its negative impact on one's life. Benzos can quickly lead to physiological dependency, even in individuals using them as prescribed. Withdrawal symptoms can occur when the use of benzodiazepines is reduced or stopped, which is one reason why some people continue using them—to avoid withdrawal.

Signs of Benzodiazepine Addiction

Signs of benzodiazepine addiction, clinically known as sedative use disorder, include:

• Taking the drug in larger amounts or for longer periods than intended
• Unsuccessful attempts to control or cut down use
• Spending a significant amount of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the drug
• Strong cravings or urges to use the drug
• Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to drug use
• Continuing use despite social or interpersonal problems
• Giving up important activities in favor of drug use
• Using the drug in hazardous situations, such as driving
• Continuing use despite physical or psychological problems
• Developing tolerance, requiring higher doses for the same effect
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptoms

Anyone who has used benzodiazepines consistently for several weeks is likely to experience withdrawal when they stop or significantly reduce their use. Withdrawal symptoms can occur even in those who have been taking benzodiazepines as directed by their healthcare provider. Symptoms may include insomnia, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, sweating, rapid pulse, tremors, seizures, and, in severe cases, hallucinations.

Withdrawal from benzodiazepines can be dangerous, particularly the risk of seizures, which may occur in up to 30% of individuals undergoing withdrawal without medical treatment. Medical detox can significantly reduce the risk and severity of these symptoms.

Treatment for Benzodiazepine Addiction in Louisiana

Effective, evidence-based treatment is essential for individuals struggling with benzodiazepine addiction. The first step in treatment often involves medical detox, where patients are gradually tapered off benzodiazepines under medical supervision to ease withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of seizures.

Following detox, ongoing treatment is typically necessary to address the psychological and social factors contributing to the addiction. This may include behavioral therapy, peer support, psychoeducation, medication management, and treatment for co-occurring disorders. Treatment can be provided in various settings, such as inpatient drug rehab, outpatient programs, or 12-step groups.

Seeking Help for Benzodiazepine Addiction

If you or a loved one is struggling with benzodiazepine addiction, our Louisiana benzodiazepine addiction treatment center offers comprehensive care to help you achieve lasting recovery. Our programs combine medical detox, therapy, and support to provide a holistic approach to overcoming addiction. Contact us today to learn more about our treatment options and start your journey toward a healthier, drug-free life.